Concrete second language acquisition examples: what learners say at each of the five stages, examples of Krashen's hypotheses, interaction, output, predictable errors, BICS and CALP, and the silent period.
The natural order hypothesis explained: why learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable sequence regardless of teaching order, and what it means for instruction.
The monitor hypothesis explained: Krashen's account of how learned grammar rules edit acquired speech, the three conditions it requires, and why over-monitoring blocks fluency.
The silent period explained: what it is, how long it lasts, why it is normal, and how to tell it apart from a student who simply has no chance to speak.
Language acquisition vs language learning: Krashen's distinction between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, and why it matters for teaching.
The Interaction Hypothesis explained: Long's claim that negotiating meaning in conversation drives language acquisition, and why it matters for speaking.
